Difference between revisions of "Es:Chapter 1"

Revision as of 08:18, 9 March 2011

Números

La primera cosa de la que te das cuenta cuando echas un vistazo a los scripts de SPHERE, es la amplia variedad de formas que hay para escribir los números. Dado que los números son realmente importantes para un programador de SPHERE, esta será la primera lección de todas. Una vez acabes la lección, espero que tengas un entendimiento general del sistema hexadecimal, decimal y binario, y la forma que tiene SPHERE de identificar cada uno. También sabrás cómo generar números aleatorios ya sea de una serie o de una lista de elecciónes.

La primera cosa que necesitas comprender es que la forma en la que contamos no es la unica forma de contar. Nuestro sistema de numeración contiene diez dígitos (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, y 9). Pero, al decimo número, tenemos que añadir una columna al número y reestablecer la primera columna a cero (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). Esa es la razón por la que nuestros sistema de numeración funciona en la forma en la que lo hace.

En el sistema decimal, sin darnos cuenta, escribimos los numeros para que se entiendan como potencias de diez. Por ejemplo, si tomamos el número 17282 (que me acabo de inventar), y lo dividimos, obtenemos esto:

Para conseguir el número 17282 a partir de esto, sólo tenemos que tomar la potencia de diez de la fila superior, multiplicarlo por el número de la fila inferior, y sumar todos los resultados. Así pues obtendremos 10000 + 7000 + 200 + 80 + 2. Evidentemente, esto es mucho más simple, y ni siquiera nos damos cuenta de que lo estamos haciendo. Probablemente estés pensando "Vaaaaale, ¿qué se piensa Taran que está consiguiendo con esto?" Pues bien, no somos tan especiales como para que nuestro sistema de cuentas sea el único con el que se cuenta.

Por ejemplo, hay otro sistema numérico que es utilizado caso exclusivamente por los ordenadores. Éste solo contiene dos dígitos (1 y 0) y es por ello por lo que es llamado 'Sistema binario' (que significa 'dos'). Los números binarios tienen un aspecto parecido a este: 101011101101, y los verás con frecuencia en anuncios de ordenadores y electrónica (Muchas veces se los muestra saliendo de un grabador de CDs en anuncios de televisión). A los dígitos del sistema binario se les llama BITs (Abreviatura del inglés 'BInary digiT' - Dígito Binario). Los números en binario son prácitamente imposibles de traducir directamente al decimal, así que hay que echar algunas cuentas.

El binario funciona de la misma manera que el decimal: sumando potencias de un número. En el caso del binario, dado que sólo hay dos dígitos en todo el sistema, ese número naturalmente es 'dos'. Aquí hay algunas potencias de dos. Algunas personas pueden encontrar estos números algo familiares.

Absurdo, ¿verdad?  :)

¡Necesitamos un sistema mejor! La razon por la que obtenemos unos resultados tan extraños es que 10 no forma parte de las potencias de dos. Necesitamos encontrar un sistema cuya base SEA una potencia de dos. El sistema que con más frecuencia se usa es base-16, or hexadecimal. Estoy seguro de que si has seguido los foros de SPHERE, habrás visto la palabra hex danzando por ahí. No, no es una palabrota ni un hechizo malvado, es la forma rápida de decir "hexadecimal".

¿Has visto como funciona? Hay seis dígitos adicionales añadidos al final del sistema numérico, y representados por las letras del alfabeto (los dígitos se nos acabaron en el 9 y de alguna manera había que representar los que faltaban, ¿no?)

Ahora, durante la programacion de SPHERE, prácticamente NUNCA vas a manejar números binarios que NO sean potencias de dos, y si lo haces, simplemente puedes usar una calculadora científica para hacerte una idea del resultado. Pero es múchísimo más fácil en hexadecimal.

(Esta es la última tabla, ¡¡Lo prometo!!)

Como puedes ver, hay una especie de patrón en la columna hexadecimal. Puedes estar pensando que hay algún tipo de patrón con los números 1, 2, 4 y 8. Y estarias pensando acertadamente. otro detalle del que quizás te des cuenta es del de los ceros que hay delante de cada número hexadecimal (como 0100, en vez de simplemente 100). En SPHERE, ese 0 le dice al script "¡Oiga!, ¡este número está en HEX!" ya que 0100 y 100 son números muy distintos (0100 en hexadecimal equivale a 256 en decimal; 100 en decimal equivale, evidentemente, a 100 en decimal y por otro lado 100 en binario equivale a 4 en decimal; así que un poco si que cambia la cosa ¿verdad?).

Digamos que, para un script de SPHERE, necesitas establecer el decimotercer bit de un número (FLAGS, por ejemplo), podrías escribir algo parecido a:

SRC.FLAGS |= 8192

Pero, ¿realmente te acordarías de que 8192 es 2 elevado a la 13ª potencia? Lo dudo mucho. Lo que sería más fácil, es recorrer toda la lista de cabeza hasta llegar al 13er numero. (¡Recuerda!, ¡¡COMIENZA EN CERO cuando estés contando potencias!!)

Y ahí tienes. Las primeras 14 potencias de dos traducidas a hexademical.

SRC.FLAGS |= 02000

El código de arriba es idéntico al ejemplo anterior. 8192 (decimal) es IGUAL que 02000 (hexadecimal)

8192 = 02000

Podrías decir, "¿Y cómo sé yo que no te estás inventando todo esto?" Pues bien, nuestros maravillosos amigos de Microsoft nos han provisto de una herramienta genial para convertir de decimal a binario, hexadecimal y octal (OTRO sistema de numeración que no se utiliza en SPHERE, así que pasaremos de él). Se llama 'Calculadora'. Puedes encontrarla en el botón 'Inicio', yendo a 'Programas', y luego 'Accesorios'. La calculadora debería estar sentada por alli viéndose preciosa. Una vez abierta la calculadora, Ve al menu 'Ver' y pulsa sobre 'Científica'. El display debería cambiar drásticamente. Para convertir los numeros entre los distintos sistemas numéricos, simplemente pincha en el sistema original (Dec), escribe un número (8192), y pulsa en el botón del otro sistema (Hex). Auto-mágicamente, Windows convertirá tu número decimal en hexadecimal. Pégale un cero delante, y SPHERE estará encantado de comerse ese suculento plato.

Probablmente esta sea la cosa más dificil para entender de la programación en SPHERE. Afortunadamente, debido a la siguiente sección, no tendrás que estar tratando con numeros tan feos todo el rato. Si después de todo este tochaco, aún sigues leyendo esto, ¡Sé que lo vas a hacer genial!

¡Vamos a por algo de programación en SPHERE!

Defnames (Definiendo nombres)

Aqui hay una lista de numeros bastante feos que puedes encontrarte mientras programas SPHERE.

Evidentemente, nadie va a querer acordarse de esos números. En los viejos tiempos, antes de SPHERE y TUS (pre-.50 SPHERE) e incluso en las nieblas de Grayworld (pre-.41 TUS), todos teníamos que acordarnos de esos números. Conozco todos los números que he dicho (excepto el identificador, que me lo acabo de inventar), y una docena más, lo digo de verdad. Afortunadamente para todos aquellos que no quereis sentaros a empollar números, SPHERE ha desarrollado un sistema por el cual las cosas pueden ser identificadas por nombres en lugar de números.

De hecho, las cosas aún se identifican por números. Son los números los que se identifican por nombres.

En el juego, escribe .add 0EED y pulsa intro. Aparecerá un cursor de objetivo y crearás una moneda de oro.

Ahora escribe .add i_gold y pulsa intro. Crearás la misma moneda de oro.

¿Cual de los dos es más facil de recordar, 0EED ó i_gold?. yo diría que i_gold gana de lejos. Pero, ¿cómo ocurre esta magia? Echémosle un vistazo al script que define una moneda de oro. No te molestes en entenderlo. ¡Explicaré los scripts de objetos en la siguente sección! Podemos encontrar este script en el archivo sphere_item_resources.scp.

[ITEMDEF 0eed]
//gold coin
DEFNAME=i_gold
TYPE=T_GOLD
VALUE=1
CATEGORY=Provisiones - Miscelanea
SUBSECTION=Monedas
DESCRIPTION=Moneda de oro
DUPELIST=0eee,0eef

He remarcado la linea que realmente importa para los propósitos de esta lección en rojo. Fíjate en ese 0EED en la primera línea del script, e ignora el resto. Ese 0EED es el auténtico número de ese objeto. Estudiaremos más números de objetos en la siguiente sección

Pero la verdadera línea que quiero que te fijes es en DEFNAME=i_gold. Ahí es donde el script le dice al servidor, "Quiero que el objeto 0EED sea identidifcado con el texto i_gold a partir de ahora." Si has intentado acceder a i_gold antes de que el servidor lea este script (Un poco más acerca de reordenar scripts en el Capítulo 2), escupirá uno de sus errores, pero ahora ya sabe a que te refieres, y por lo tanto lo puedes usar en juego o en otros scripts.

Deberias darle SIEMPRE a los objetos que crees un DEFNAME que se ajuste a ese objeto. Normalmente el nombre por defecto se definirá en el mismo identficador [ITEMDEF] (de nuevo, más de esto luego), pero si insistes en usar números, asegurate de darle un nombre fácil de recordar (Y no gulash_dorada para definir a una espada vikinga). Esto lo hará mas facil de recordar que los números.

Otra manera de definir un DEFNAME es usando la cabecera [DEFNAME] en un script. He aquí un ejemplo:

[DEFNAME colores]
color_azul 02
color_rojo 021
color_verde 041

Encontraras un script parecido en spheredefs.scp, otro de los archivos que debería ser cargado antes que ningún otro.

Aquí está el análisis, línea por línea:

Línea 1: Aquí es donde defines el tipo de script y el nombre por defecto (Sí, colores es el nombre por defecto de este script). Esto le dice al servido qué tipo de script se debe esperar entre este y el siguiente identificador (Los identificadores son las lineas encerradas en corchetes). Todos los identificadores tienen este formato. El primer parámetro es el tipo de script. Éstos son variados, y los explicaré conforme vayamos llegando. El segundo puede ser tanto un ID como un nombre por defecto. En la mayoría de las veces, en los scripts que escribas, será un nombre. La única excepción que se me ocurre es que utilices un programa para parchear el cliente y añadir nuevos tipos de objeto.

Lines 2-4: Éstas definen cada DEFNAME. Viene a decir que color_azul equivale a 02, color_rojo equivale a 021, y color_verde equivale a 041. Puedes utilizar todos los espacios que quieras entre el nombre y el valor. Las definiciones contenidas en spheredefs.scp están entre las más útiles que puedas llegar a encontrarte, dado que evitan que tengas que escribir números tan feos como los vistos en la sección anterior. Estas incluyen cosas como nombres para marcas (flags), atributos de objetos, música en MIDI o MP3, tipos de memoria, y otras muchas cosas. Échale un ojo al archivo para ver qué es lo que este te ofrece.

Esto es lo que hay que saber sobre DEFNAMEs. Ya veremos un poco más conforme vayamos cubriendo otros tipos de scripts.

Aprendamos algo acerca de objetos.

ITEMDEF (Definiendo Objetos)

O, cómo hacer una montaña de un grano de arena, al estilo SPHERE.

La mayoría de la gente crea scritps de objetos de una forma mucho más dificil de lo que realmente es. Para propósitos de este tutorial, y dado que hay uno más avanzado para luego, sólamente veremos lo más básico de un script de objetos, línea a línea. Usaremos el script de la moneda de oro de la lección anterior.

Helo aquí, ¡Coloreado convenientente para disfrute de tus ojos!

[ITEMDEF 0EED]
//moneda de oro
DEFNAME=i_gold
TYPE=T_GOLD
VALUE=1
CATEGORY=Provisiones - Miscelanea
SUBSECTION=Monedas
DESCRIPTION=Moneda de oro
DUPELIST=0EEE,0EEF

Esto es lo más simple en scripts de objetos, ya que no tiene ningún comportamiento más allá de la pura existencia. Repasaré linea por linea, describiéndote que hace cada una, y cómo afecta al resultado final.

Línea 1: [ITEMDEF 0EED]

La primera línea de un script de objetos es probablemente la más importante. Básicamente esta linea le dice al servidor "Oiga, ¡esto es un objeto y quiero que se llame 0EED!" El servidor, entonces mira uno de los archivos del cliente (Especificamente art.idx), Identifica si es o no es un objeto Build-in. Creo que todos los objetos por debajo de 04500 están definidos como objetos built-in, así que no definas nunca un objeto en ese rango. Escribiendo esta línea, le dices al servidor que lo siguiente es un script de objet. También defines 0EED como objeto válido, ¡Lo cual ayuda bastante cuando intentes darle oro a tus jugadores!

N.T.: Dejo el resto del artículo pendiente para otra ocasión u otra persona. Disculpad las molestias, seguiré mañana.

Línea 2: // moneda de oro

This is the SPHERE version of comment. C programmers will recognize the format immediately. If you type // on any line of code, everything beyond that is ignored by the script reader. This can be on a line by itself, or at the end of a line to explain what the specific line does. In all cases, it won't affect your program, just make it easier to read.

Línea 3: DEFNAME=i_gold

You should know by now what this does! If you don't, go back and read the previous lesson! It tells the server that i_gold and 0eed mean the same thing. In item scripts, all parameters are defined in that format:

variable=value

You will see later on, when we get into scripting, how that format will help you more than you would believe. Items have a good number of variables that you can define, including:

• DEFNAME
• ID
• TYPE
• VALUE
• RESOURCES

Other variables depend on the value of the TYPE. Which leads us right into...

Line 4: TYPE=t_gold

The first thing you might say is "What the heck is t_gold?" Well it's a DEFNAME. Actually it's a number. And that number is 72. If you want to check me on this, look in spheredefs.scp, it's there! Writing TYPE=72 would have the exact same effect.

There are, currently, 183 built-in item types. These are hardcoded item types that contain predefined actions for an item. If an item has no type, when you click it, you get the "You cannot think of a way to use that item" message. There is a complete list of types, and how to set them up, here . All you need to know for now is that setting the type of this item to t_gold has no effect other than to make the item act like a gold coin (i.e. you can buy stuff with it!) Setting another item to type t_gold would probably make the server think that you can buy stuff with that item too. I've never tried this. It might be an interesting way to have unique currencies...

Line 5: VALUE=1

This defines how much the item costs when purchased, in gold. Of course, this is one gold piece, which is worth, well, one gold piece. So the value of the item is one.

Lines 6-8: CATEGORY, SUBSECTION, DESCRIPTION

These are lines used only by SPHERE's GM tool, Axis, which actually saves you a lot of work by typing ".add i_gold" for you. More importantly, it types ".add 01737" and things like that for you, for items that were not important enough to get their own separate DEFNAME.

Line 9: DUPEITEM

It would be a ton of work for the SPHERE team to define all 8000 items that came with the game, especially when many of them are the same. (For an example of this, use the .xflip command on a door or sign. It cycles through all of the DUPEITEMs for that the item being flipped.) The numbers listed here are item numbers, which probably have not been defined yet. Here is the script for item 0eee:

[ITEMDEF 0EEE]
//gold coins
DUPEITEM=0EED
CATEGORY=Provisions - Miscellaneous
SUBSECTION=Coins
DESCRIPTION=Gold Coins

As you can see, there is only one parameter for this whole item. It reiterates the DUPEITEM and sends the server looking to our 0eed (or i_gold) item for more information, such as TYPE and VALUE. DUPEITEM only exists to save typing. You probably won't use it.

CHARDEF

Or, what it takes to make a naked man who can stand around and say "Huh?"

NPCs... They make the world go around. They are what makes UO a unique multiplayer game. The monsters and NPCs you create make your server unique from any other. This section of chapter one will cover how to create a simple naked man who walks around and says little more than "Huh?" (or "Stop thief!" if you tell him to!).

First of all, we'll look at the script for a simple naked man. I'm pulling this out of spherechar_human.scp.

[CHARDEF 0190]
DEFNAME=c_man
Name=Man
ICON=i_pet_MAN
CAN=MT_EQUIP|MT_WALK|MT_RUN|MT_USEHANDS
RESOURCES=i_flesh_head, i_flesh_torso, i_flesh_right_arm, i_flesh_left_arm
FOODTYPE=15 t_food, t_fruit
DESIRES=i_gold,e_notoriety
AVERSIONS=t_TRAP,t_eerie_stuff
SHELTER=r_house
BLOODCOLOR=0

TSPEECH=spk_human_prime
TSPEECH=spk_human_default
TEVENTS=e_Human_HearUnk
DESCRIPTION=Man
SUBSECTION=Miscellaneous
CATEGORY=Civilized

As you can see, it doesn't look a lot different than the item scripts we examined in the previous section. There are a lot of variables set that are the same, including DEFNAME, DESCRIPTION, and the other Axis variables.

But, there are a lot of new things here that we will again go over, one line at a time! And it's longer this time! Let the good times roll! (Sorry if you're not American.. All my American clichés are probably growing irritating!)

Line 1: [CHARDEF 0190]

Surprise surprise! It's an identifier, telling the server that we are going to be defined a character between this and the next [identifier]. And we also tell it that our character, or NPC, will have the ID 0190. The server knows that this ID is one of the built-in IDs. In fact, it's the ID of a naked man. You also know that 0190 is hexadecimal is 400 in decimal right?  :) Well why didn't you know that! Oh I'm just kidding, you don't need to know things like that.

Line 2: DEFNAME=c_man

Nothing new here. c_man is now the same as 0190. Most character DEFNAMEs will begin with C and then an underscore (c_) like you see above.

Line 3: Name=Man

Oh oh! Something new! Items come with default names, built in to the server. Characters don't. So we have to assign him a name. We can give him any name we want, but since this isn't a specific man, we just give him a name telling us what he is. In this case "Man".

Line 4: ICON=i_pet_man

It took me a while to figure this one out. ICON defines what little picture you see when you're using the Tracking skill and all those little miniature creatures appear in the window. Those are actually items, all the i_pet items. To find out what the i_pet item for your creature should be, create him in the game using .addnpc, then use the .shrink command on him. The ID of the item that he becomes is your i_pet item.

Line 5: CAN=mt_*

(In case you don't know, * means "anything" for those who use Linux.)

This is one of the most important lines of your character script, next to the ID we give him in the first line. First, because it allows us to tell the game what our NPC can do and what he can't do. There are only a few mt_* items, all of which are defined in spheredefs.scp. For the purpose of the lesson, I am going to copy them here. (The purple comments are mine.)

MT_NONMOVER        0 // We can't move at all
MT_GHOST          01 // We can walk through doors and such, like a ghost
MT_SWIM           02 // I can swim! (Water elementals, dolphins, etc)
MT_WALK           04 // I can move. Set this if you want your creature to move.
MT_FLY           010 // Moves through (supposed to be over) trees
MT_FIRE_IMMUNE   020 // Immune to damage by fire. Setting this on a player is bad.  :)
MT_EQUIP       00100 // Can equip things
MT_USEHANDS    00200 // Can use his hands to carry things (or open doors)
MT_MALE            0 // Is a male
MT_FEMALE      00800 // Is a female
MT_NONHUM      01000 // Non-human. I'm not sure what this does.
MT_RUN         02000 // Can move really fast!

According to this chart, we can see that if we don't give a creature a CAN flag, it will be an MT_MALE and an MT_NONMOVER (the two zeros). You can see from the example that by putting a | (found by pressing shift+backslash) between two CAN flags, we can give him more than one. In this case, we allow our man to equip things, walk, run, and use his hands. (An interesting fact is, even creatures that don't have hands can be set to use their hands, thus allowing them to carry light sources. Fire elementals do this. That's how they glow.)

Line 6: RESOURCES

Resources is a very morbid name for this setting. Especially for a person. These are the items that you get whenever you chop up this creature's corpse. Scary eh?  :)

Line 7-10: FOODTYPE, DESIRES, AVERSIONS

FOODTYPE: Defines what kind of food the npc will eat and if NPC_AI_FOOD is on it'll make the npc look for this food + grass when he's hunger.

DESIRES: Defines what kind of items will the npc be interested in, if NPC_AI_EXTRA is on it'll show what items the npc will loot of players corpses or walk towards when it's on the ground.

AVERSIONS: No idea, but I think it tells the npc what sort of NPCs he'll try to fight, for example: I have a horse with e_horse as an event, and an imp without any events, if the npc has AVERSIONS=e_horse it'll prefer to fight the horse.

Line 11: BLOODCOLOR

Ever wanted to make your players have green blood? This is where you do it! A color number or a color defname will work fine. (Try to learn the numbers for common colors, it makes it so much easier.)

The rest of it: TSPEECH and TEVENTS

We're going to cover these in sections of their own. They are probably the most complex topics in scripting! (How many times do you suppose I'm going to say that before it's actually true?)

Some other things:

On 56B we have some other fields like MOVERATE,RESLEVEL,RESDISPDNID and RESDISPDNHUE. They sound some difficult and strange thing but they aren't. Here's the explanation for them:

MOVERATE: This setting (that can only be writed at the npc chardef) controls how fast the npc moves. The smaller the value, the faster the npc is. For example, if I have a horse chardef with default moverate (100) and another with moverate=60, the one with 60 will walk and run a lot faster than the other horse. This is great for making really difficult monsters to kill.

RESLEVEL: This tells sphere what version of uo this monster is from, for example, a Wanderer of the Void will have RESLEVEL=3 (3=AOS) (see sphere_defs.scp for a complete list), so only accounts with RESDISP 3 or bigger can see this monster as he really is.

NOTE: If you set a lower value for RESLEVEL, if the player doesn't have this npc anim he'll crash.

RESDISPDNID: As you probably have seen, I used a lot of "as he really" is, exactly because of this setting, this tells the client what monster will the player see instead of the correct one. For example, this Wanderer of the Void will show as Wanderer of the Void for those who has ACCOUNT.RESDISP=3 or bigger, but for those who has smaller values it'll show as a c_spectre (if you so define).

RESDISPDNHUE: This defines what color will the player see the monster if the RESDISPDNID id is shown to him (have an account.resdisp lower than the reslevel of this char)

Here's an example for those new settings:

[CHARDEF 310]
DEFNAME=c_Wailing_Banshee
NAME=Wailing Banshee
SOUND=snd_monster_zombie1
ICON=i_pet_wailingbanshee
DAM=11,16
RESDISPDNID=c_spectre
RESLEVEL=3
RESDISPDNHUE=01
ARMOR=20
CAN=MT_WALK|MT_FLY
DESIRES=i_gold,e_notoriety,e_horses,c_man,c_woman,t_corpse
CATEGORY=New Monsters
SUBSECTION=AOS
DESCRIPTION=Wailing Banshee

ON=@Create
    NPC = brain_monster
    FAME = {100 3000}
    KARMA = {-5000 -6999}
    STR = {126 166}
    INT = {86 115}
    DEX = {41 75}
    MAGICRESISTANCE = {75.0 95.0}
    TACTICS = {45.0 75.0}
    WRESTLING = {50.0 70.0}
    
ON=@NpcRestock
    ITEM = i_gold, {50 100}
    ITEM = i_reag_daemon_bone, {2 6}

And there you have it. A simple character script and some new things. Read the chapter that is all about making NPCs later in the tutorial.

TEMPLATE

Or, how to put great laggy quantities of items into one unlaggy container.

You've all seen it. Those shards out there that don't use TEMPLATEs. When you kill, say, a dragon, on those shards, and go to loot him, you find that rather than neatly organized containers, there are 100 potions scattered about the loot window. Not only that, but all your magical weapons are buried neatly beneath them!

How do we solve this problem? Well, SPHERE has given us the handy tool of TEMPLATEs. These allow you to define a container item, AND the items inside of it, AT THE SAME TIME. Isn't that neat? I thought so too, when I first figured out what they were. Let's do our traditional take-apart-the-script section. I'll place a nice TEMPLATE from the file spheretemp_loot.scp.

[TEMPLATE 101505]
DEFNAME=backpack_poor
CATEGORY=Item Templates
SUBSECTION=Loot Templates
DESCRIPTION=Poor Backpack
CONTAINER=i_backpack
ITEM={ random_food 1 0 3 },{ 1 3 }
ITEM={ random_bottle 1 0 8 }
ITEM={ random_light 1 0 8 }
ITEM={ random_male_tops 1 0 4 }
COLOR=colors_all
ITEM={ random_male_pants 1 0 4 }
COLOR=colors_all
ITEM=POOR_GOLD_PILE

Wow, that looks confusing. But don't worry, by the time we're done, you'll know exactly what it means!

[TEMPLATE 101505]: First of all, we look at the header for our template. An interesting thing about templates is that the item name cannot be a DEFNAME like all other scripts. It must be a ridiculously high number like 101505.

DEFNAME=backpack_poor: Of course, SPHERE developers are not entirely evil, and have provided us with the ability to give these scary numbers a DEFNAME for easier access. You tell me, which would you rather type? ".add 101505" or ".add backpack_poor"? I thought so.

CATEGORY, SUBSECTION, DESCRIPTION: Axis crap. Optional. See the previous sections for a description of what these do.

CONTAINER=i_backpack: Ahh, now we're getting down to the meat of this thing. This specifies the holding container that all other items in this template will be in. When you add the item in game, you will see this container. In this case, it's a backpack. Simple enough. This can be any valid item with a TYPE of t_container or t_container_locked.

ITEM={ random_food 1 0 3},{1 3} Well, that's certainly cryptic. I think we need to break this line down even further.

But first, we're going to cover RANDOM SELECTORS! Sounds like fun doesn't it? Nah, it doesn't sound fun to me either, but it's absolutely necessary to a good shard.

Basically, they are an easy way to get different numbers with one command. What fun would a shard be where you killed a dragon and got a Platemail of Magic Stuff and a Super Duper Sword of Power every single time? Everyone would be running around with them. What we need is some variety!

There are two types of random selectors: weighted random and ranged random. Weighted random makes a statement like this: "Ok, 1 out of 10 times pick Number A, 3 out of 10 times pick Number B, and 6 out of 10 times pick number C". Ranged random makes a statement like this: "Pick any number between the two numbers I give you".

Our example actually has an example of both ranged random and weighted random. We'll cover them in the order they appear:

{ random_food 1 0 3}

This is a weighted random selector. The way to interpret these is to take the numbers that appear between the parentheses and divide them into sets of two:

random_food 1
0 3

Add up the second numbers in both sets, and we get 4. This tells SPHERE, "Ok, 1 out of four times, I want you to pick random_food, and 3 out of four times, I want you to pick zero." You can even have random sets within random sets, but then it just gets confusing.

{ { random_food 1 0 3} 1 random_clothing 1}

Can you figure it out?

random_clothing 1 { random_food 1 0 3} 1

2 is our magic number in this case. One out of two times, SPHERE will pick random_clothing, and one out of two times, SPHERE will pick our previous random selector, which will then select one of its own options. If you're confused at this point, don't worry. This is extremely rare, and we'll see in a moment how templates help us to solve this problem.

I did mention, though, that there is another type of random selector, and you can probably see what it is:

{1 3}

NOTE: Spacing here is important. There must be ZERO spaces between the { and the first number, or the } and the last number. It will behave strangely otherwise.

This tells SPHERE "Pick a number between 1 and 3, inclusive". Inclusive means that SPHERE can pick 1, 3, or any number in between. In this case, the range is rather limited. SPHERE will give you a 1, 2 or 3 here. Ranged random selectors are actually more often used inside of weighted random selectors.

{ {1 3} 3 {4 9} 1}

"One out of four times, pick a number between 4 and 9. Three out of four times, pick a number between 1 and 3."

And with that out of the way, we're going to analyze the actual line of the script from above. The Piece What the Line does ITEM= This tells the script "Ok, we're going to add an item to this container. Anything after the = tells the script exactly what it is we're adding and in what amounts. You could easily say ITEM=i_platemail_chest, or something like that, without the mysterious { } sections, but the reason templates are interesting is because they can vary greatly.

{ random_food 1 0 3}

This is the item you will be creating. As we can see from our weighted random selector lesson, 1 out of 4 times, it will be random_food, and 3 out of 4 times, it will be zero. If an ITEM is zero, nothing will be created this time. Basically this is saying "There will be a one in four chance of getting random_food in this container." What is random_food you ask? Well, it happens to be another TEMPLATE, defined in spheretemplate.scp, I believe.

{1 3} This is the amount of the item that will be created. You should recognize this as a ranged random selector. This tells SPHERE to put between 1 and 3 of this item into the container. Of course, if the item is zero as selected above, this has no effect since one nothing and three nothings are still nothing.

So basically, that is a template script. You then fill it with as many items as you want. You may also notice the following construction:

ITEM=i_sword_long,R11

This is a shorthand way of writing this:

ITEM={ i_sword_long 1 0 10 }

R11 means "one out of 11 chance of finding this item". And you can add an amount selector to the end of that as well, which makes it look long and scary:

ITEM=i_sword_long,R11,{4 5}

But why would you want 4 or 5 long swords in one item? That would be bizzare.  :)

And that's about it for templates. Congratulations, you're finished with chapter 1. Now you should be able to understand the examples to follow on the next section. You may also have some questions which are addressed in the common questions area. If you have a question which is not addressed there, perhaps it is too advanced of a topic for chapter 1. I assure you almost every aspect of SPHERE scripting will be covered in later chapters.

(A template example by Belgar)

[TEMPLATE tm_necromancer]
CONTAINER=i_bag
ITEM=random_necro_scroll
ITEM=random_necro_scroll
ITEM=random_necro_reagent, {5 12}
ITEM=random_reagent, {5 12}
ITEM=random_necro_reagent, {5 12}

Examples

Or, um. Well I guess there really isn't another way to say "Examples".

This shall be my attempt to create the most basic new items available. You will see things in these examples that are NOT mentioned in the tutorials. The major factor will be ON=@Create, which is the primary topic of Chapter 2. Just know for now that things you can change in game (color, etc) must go under ON=@Create.

Example 1: A Red Sword

[ITEMDEF i_sword_red]
ID=i_sword_viking
TYPE=t_weapon_sword
NAME=The Red Sword
CATEGORY=Weapons
SUBSECTION=New Swords
DESCRIPTION=Red Sword

ON=@Create

COLOR=colors_red // This is a comment. Comments are ignored by SPHERE.

Wait, what is this weird // thing we've got going here? That's called a comment. It's completely ignored by SPHERE, so you can write whatever you want to the end of the line after //. You cannot have multi-line comments in SPHERE unless you use a new //, so don't even try it. SPHERE will give funky errors and then you'll have fun finding them.

Example 2: A blue ettin

[CHARDEF c_ettin_blue]
ID=02 // You could just as easily use c_ettin here.
NAME=My Blue Ettin


ON=@Create

COLOR=02 // This is a dark blue color. It's often used for Counselor robes. Remember it.

Example 3: A template from the file, since I'm too lazy to write one myself

[TEMPLATE 101521]
DEFNAME=goodie_meager_1
CATEGORY=Item Templates
SUBSECTION=Loot Templates
DESCRIPTION=Meager Goodie 1
ITEM={ meager_gold_pile 1 backpack_meager 1 pouch_meager 1 }
ITEM={ random_boots 1 0 4 }
ITEM={ random_gorget 1 0 4 }
ITEM={ random_staff 1 0 4 }
ITEM={ random_necklace 1 0 4 }
ITEM={ i_cape 1 0 9 }
COLOR=colors_all

You may notice something new here (especially since I highlighted it in red), and yes, it is legal. Any lines between ITEM= lines will affect the previously created item. The COLOR= line here affects the ITEM created by the line

ITEM={ i_cape 1 0 9 }

Remember, the best way to learn this type of scripts is to read the scripts provided for you in files like sphereitem_colorarm.scp and sphereitem_beers.scp. <math>Formel hier einfügen</math>